Journal of Islamic Studies - Kabul University

The Description of Imam Abu Hanifa and His Companions - May Allah Have Mercy on Them - as Ahl al - Ra'y in the books of Hadith.

الأستاذ الدکتور إسرار الحی منيب — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

" Some people believe that Imam Abu Hanifa, may God have mercy on him, and the Hanafis prioritize opinion and analogy over prophetic hadith. As a result, they became famously known among hadith scholars as the people of opinion (Ahl al-Ra'y). To refute this claim, I have written this article titled: ‘The Description of Imam Abu Hanifa and His Companions – May Allah have mercy on them – as Ahl al-Ra'y in the Hadith Books, employing the descriptive-analytical method. This approach uncovers the true nature of the issue and disproves the doubts surrounding it. In conclusion, I have arrived at the following result: The title of 'Ahl al-Ra’y' was used for those who possessed exceptional expertise in jurisprudence (fiqh) and ijtihad, not for those who followed erroneous opinions. The narrations that criticize ra’y are referring to what is issued from a person based on their desires or whims. Furthermore, the use of the term Ahl al-Ra’y for the Hanafis in the books of criticism and evaluation (jarh wa ta'dil) should not be understood as a negative description, but rather as a form of commendation, as will be clarified through examples. For this reason, Ibn Qutayba (may Allah have mercy on him) refers to jurists as 'Ahl al-Ra’y' in his book Al-Ma'arif. Finally, I recommend that most of the criticisms by hadith scholars towards the well-known jurists regarding their opinions are not well-founded; therefore, caution should be exercised in adopting them. Researchers should analyze contemporary challenges and criticisms directed at the Hanafi school and respond to them, in order to remove doubts from both the general public and the scholars regarding this issue". Let me know if you'd like to refine or further clarify any parts!

Elucidation in Arabic Grammar: Its Reality and Mission "A Descriptive, Analytical, and Inductive Study"

الدكتور محمد قسيم آخند زاده — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article investigates elucidation (al-tabyīn) in Arabic grammar as a functional principle that shapes grammatical rule formation and guides semantic interpretation. It adopts an integrative approach that examines the relationship between form and meaning within the broader grammatical and rhetorical tradition. The study addresses the problem that, despite its central role in explaining rules and regulating understanding, elucidation has not been treated as an independent concept in grammatical scholarship. The article traces the use of al-tabyīn across various grammatical domains and identifies its structural and semantic mechanisms. It demonstrates that the term carries multiple meanings, including manifestation, clarification, distinction, separation, interpretation, and the removal of ambiguity at both the formal and semantic levels. It also notes that al-tabyīn may function as a contronym in linguistic usage, conveying both connection and separation. Methodologically, the study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, supported by inductive analysis of textual evidence. References are documented in footnotes, and the bibliography follows the Chicago style in accordance with the standards of peer-reviewed academic research.

"Comprehensive Jurisprudential Analysis of Zakat on Joint-Stock Company Shares: Defining the Zakat Base, Shareholder and Company Responsibilities, and Contemporary Applications" abstract

الدكتور إحسان الله جلالي — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Zakat is one of the fundamental pillars of Islam and a mandatory financial obligation for Muslims, aimed at achieving religious, economic, and social objectives, most notably the purification of wealth, personal growth, and the promotion of justice and social solidarity. With the development of financial transactions and the emergence of modern joint-stock companies, determining the obligation of zakat on shares and the responsibilities of shareholders and companies has become a significant contemporary issue requiring detailed study. This research provides a comprehensive jurisprudential analysis of the zakat framework for shares in joint-stock companies, clarifies Sharia-compliant methods for calculating zakat, and examines distinctions among commercial, industrial, and agricultural companies, as well as the juristic debate over the party responsible for paying zakat. The study employs a comparative approach between traditional jurisprudence and contemporary applications, analyzes Sharia texts, critically examines various juristic opinions, and reviews contemporary fatwas issued by fiqh councils and previous studies. The expected findings indicate that zakat is obligatory upon shareholders as the true owners of the shares. At the same time, companies perform an administrative and organizational role, with calculation methods varying according to the company’s activity, thereby ensuring the objectives of zakat in wealth growth, purification, and economic solidarity. The research demonstrates its scientific significance by addressing a gap in contemporary applied studies in financial jurisprudence and provides practical value for shareholders and companies by enabling them to correctly implement zakat, while highlighting the Islamic economic system's ability to address modern financial developments and achieve economic justice.

Smart Technologies in Sharia Judicial Practice A Jurisprudential and Applied Study in Jordanian Courts

الدكتورة خديجة خميس السمارات — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study presents an applied analysis of smart technologies in Sharia judicial practice within Jordanian courts, examining their legal permissibility, jurisprudential controls, and effects on litigation procedures and litigants’ rights. It aims to assess compatibility with the objectives of Islamic law, particularly justice, protection of rights, and preservation of the five necessities. The study adopts a descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology, linking classical jurisprudential principles with contemporary applications in Jordanian Sharia courts. The findings conclude that using smart technologies is legally permissible when employed as supportive tools assisting judges, not substitutes for human adjudication. Digital evidence is admissible under Islamic law when it satisfies the requirements of authenticity, integrity, and the absence of doubt. The study emphasizes continuous human oversight of technological outputs, rejects the independent delegation of judicial authority to artificial intelligence, and recommends clear jurisprudential, operational, and legislative frameworks to regulate technology use, ensure procedural justice, protect rights, and enhance transparency in Sharia judicial institutions, while preserving judicial accountability and ethical responsibility.

Towards an Optimal Utilization o Towards an Optimal Utilization of Islamic Jurisprudence in Contemporary Daʿwah Discourse

الدكتور أحمد محمد زايد, الدكتور إسلام شركز أوغلو — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This is an interdisciplinary study that integrates two distinct fields and academic disciplines: jurisprudence (fiqh) and religious advocacy (da'wah). Its objective is to investigate how to utilize fiqh in contemporary da'wah discourse effectively. This is achieved by drawing the attention of religious advocates to applying a set of propositions put forward by the research. These include focusing on the broad conceptual understanding of fiqh in Islamic law and distinguishing it from its limited technical definition, highlighting the spirit, objectives (maqasid), and desired goals of fiqh in the life of the Muslim community, and avoiding excessive elaboration with the general public on terminology and definitions that may obscure the clarity of fiqh's meanings and its practical spirit. The study also emphasizes distinguishing between the academic approach to teaching fiqh, intended for specialized students of knowledge, and the da'wah-oriented presentation of fiqh, which aims to encourage legally responsible individuals to commit to its practical application in various aspects of their lives. Additionally, it calls for careful attention to the hierarchy of actions and the gradations of legal rulings, giving each its due emphasis, along with other principles and guidelines addressed within the research. It is hoped that the insights offered by this study may contribute to the contemporary discussions often termed "renewing da'wah discourse," particularly in light of shortcomings in applying the genuine meanings of renewal called for by its advocates. The research is based on two methodological approaches: the descriptive and the analytical, each employed in its appropriate context within the research material.

Synonymy between Classical and Modern Scholars: A Comparative Study

الأستاذ الدكتور گل محمد باسل — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Synonymy in the Arabic language is one of the central linguistic phenomena that bridges linguistic structure and rhetorical expression. Owing to its remarkable lexical richness and abundance of vocabulary, Arabic enables speakers to express meanings through multiple words that are closely related in sense. This phenomenon has attracted the attention of both classical and modern linguists. Classical scholars examined synonymy primarily from a traditional descriptive perspective concerned with the description of language, whereas modern scholars have approached it from analytical and theoretical perspectives within contemporary semantic and linguistic studies. For classical scholars, synonymy was generally understood as semantic equivalence between lexical items, although they acknowledged the existence of subtle semantic differences among words. Their discussions were largely based on linguistic transmission, lexicographical sources, and rhetorical and poetic evidence. In contrast, modern scholars regard synonymy as a semantic and contextual phenomenon that depends on context, usage, and communicative function. Accordingly, they tend to reject the notion of absolute synonymy and instead emphasize partial synonymy, relying on systematic linguistic analysis and modern methodological criteria. Despite these differences, both classical and modern scholars agree on several aspects, including the recognition of partial synonymy, the presence of subtle semantic distinctions between near-synonymous words, and the influence of context or dialectal variation on meaning. However, they differ significantly in their definitions of synonymy, their views on the existence of complete synonymy, their analytical methodologies, and the role of context in determining synonymous relationships. The impact of these perspectives is reflected in modern lexicography, translation studies, the teaching of Arabic, and discourse analysis. This study adopts a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach in order to identify the points of agreement and divergence between classical and modern scholars, within the framework of a historical-critical method and textual analysis. The findings of the research indicate that synonymy in modern linguistic thought has come to be understood as a semantic and contextual phenomenon, whereas classical scholars tended to view it primarily as semantic equivalence between lexical items.

The Divorce of a Fleeing (Terminally Ill) Husband and Its Legal Consequences in Hanafi Jurisprudence: Inheritance of the Wife as a Case Study – An Analytical and Comparative Fiqh Study

الدكتور ذکي الله ذکی, الدکتور رفیع الله عطاء — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study addresses the issue of divorce intended to evade inheritance (ṭalāq al-fār) and its legal consequences in Ḥanafī jurisprudence, using the wife’s inheritance as a case study, through an analytical and comparative juristic approach. The research highlights the apparent contradiction between the general legal rule that inheritance ceases with the termination of marriage through an irrevocable divorce, and the ruling established by Ḥanafī jurists that affirms the wife’s right to inherit if her husband divorces her irrevocably during his terminal illness with the intention of escaping inheritance, and then dies while she is still in her waiting period (ʿiddah). The study aims to clarify the juristic and legal-theoretical foundations of this ruling, analyzing the reasons for departing from analogical reasoning (qiyās) in favor of juristic preference (istiḥsān), as well as the role of terminal illness, suspicion (tuhmah), intention, and the persistence of certain marital effects during the waiting period in shaping this exception. The research adopts an inductive methodology to examine authoritative Ḥanafī texts and an analytical approach to discuss and evaluate juristic opinions. It links subsidiary rulings to overarching legal maxims and objectives, particularly the principles of preventing harm and blocking legal stratagems. The study concludes that granting inheritance to the wife of the evading husband in Ḥanafī law does not represent a deviation from the principles of Islamic law; rather, it constitutes a precise application of its objectives in protecting financial rights, preventing legal manipulation, and achieving justice through a disciplined juristic framework that integrates textual evidence, juristic preference, and the practical consensus of the Companions.

The Contribution of the Jurists of Balkh to the Civilizational Heritage of Hanafi Jurisprudence

المفتي الدكتور عبد الرحيم رحيمي — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Balkh is considered one of the early scientific and cultural centers of the Islamic world, and it had a notable role in the formation and development of Islamic jurisprudence. Its scholars also contributed to the preservation and strengthening of Hanafi jurisprudence's civilizational heritage. Despite this importance, focused and independent studies examining this contribution remain limited, leaving a notable gap in historical scholarship. Adopting a descriptive–analytical methodology and a historical approach grounded in library research, this study seeks to clarify the depth of influence exerted by prominent Balkh jurists on the juristic and civilizational dimensions of the Hanafi school. During the golden age of Islamic civilization, these jurists played a decisive role in strengthening the foundational structures of the Hanafi madhhab. This impact continues to shape the Islamic legal system to the present day. The study highlights their scholarly status and examines their contributions to the dissemination, explanation, preservation, and institutionalization of Hanafi jurisprudence across various regions of the Islamic world. The findings indicate that Balkh jurists, through the establishment of scholarly centers, the codification and development of juristic principles and branches, and the production of innovative legal analyses grounded in both transmitted and rational reasoning, played a central role in consolidating, revitalizing, and sustaining the civilizational heritage of Hanafi jurisprudence.

Ruling on Financing Education by Non-Islamic International Institutions in Afghanistan According to Islamic Jurisprudence

الدكتور محمد سليم مدني, الباحث ألف الدين عزيزي — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research addresses the issue of financing education by non-Islamic external institutions operating in Afghanistan's education sector through a jurisprudential, foundational, and applied study. The study consists of five main chapters with several subtopics. The motivation for choosing this topic stems from its profound impact on preserving religious identity, educational sovereignty, and the intellectual independence of Afghan society. The research begins by clarifying the concepts of education and financing and by highlighting the status and legitimacy of education in Islamic law, supported by evidence from the Qur’an and the Sunnah. It then reviews the types of educational financing recognized in Islamic jurisprudence, such as individual support, endowments (waqf), and governmental funding. The study further examines the Sharia ruling on accepting educational funding from external institutions by establishing the jurisprudential foundations of seeking assistance from non-Muslims and accepting their gifts. It presents the opinions of classical and contemporary jurists, along with modern scholarly fatwas, and derives the governing Sharia regulations related to this issue. The research then moves to an applied study of the educational reality in Afghanistan, clarifying the ruling on this type of funding and highlighting its most significant negative effects, including harm to religious identity, loss of educational independence, and lack of sustainability. The researcher adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology, drawing on classical Islamic sources from authoritative libraries and on international reports available online. The study concludes by proposing practical Sharia-based alternatives for financing education from within Afghanistan, such as reviving the waqf system, activating zakat and charitable contributions, and restructuring national budget priorities to achieve self-sufficiency while preserving the objectives of Islamic law

The Phenomenon of Misrepresenting Allah’s Verses in Northern Nigeria: Causes and Repercussions

Shamsuddeen Lawan Yahya, Associate Professor Abubakar Muhammad Sani — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Dealing with the words of Almighty Allah with caution and knowledge is among the most important duties of a Muslim, given its profound repercussions on both the individual and society. Understanding and knowing Allah’s verses is a fundamental principle of the faith, essential for Muslims to grasp sound doctrine and righteous conduct. This research addresses the phenomenon of individuals in northern Nigeria who engage in interpreting Allah’s verses without proper knowledge. It examines this as a serious intellectual and religious problem with significant social and religious dimensions, requiring a comprehensive approach that includes scholarly education, legal oversight, and community awareness. The article aims to highlight the dangers of this tendency among some preachers in recent times in northern Nigeria (Hausa region). It explores the concept and origins of this phenomenon, the causes of its spread, and its repercussions in distorting the meaning of the Quran. Furthermore, it proposes methods for combating this phenomenon. The researchers used an analytical descriptive approach by presenting legitimate texts and analyzing religious and social reality in northern Nigeria. The study concluded that Almighty Allah has forbidden in His Holy Book delving into His verses and speaking about them without knowledge, and has commanded turning away from those who engage in such activities until they cease their reprehensible actions. It also found out that this phenomenon generates dire negative consequences, threatening the very foundations of knowledge and endangering the future of Islam with corruption and innovation. Among the study's key recommendations is the necessity of disseminating sound Islamic education by qualified scholars and supporting them, as well as regulating religious content in the media (both social and mainstream) platforms.

The Utterance “صدق الله العظيم” after Qurʾānic Recitation: Between Legislation and Innovation

الدكتور محبوب الرحمن صافي, الدكتور مير رفیع الله منیب — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study addresses an important issue concerning the proper conclusion of Qurʾānic recitation, specifically whether uttering “Ṣadaqa Allāhu al-ʿAẓīm” (“Allah, the Most Great, has spoken the truth”) is a legitimate practice or an innovation (bidʿah), as claimed by some contemporary voices. The significance of this topic lies, on the one hand, in its direct connection to the rulings governing the recitation of the Qurʾān, and on the other hand, in its novelty and continued relevance. The research problem emerged from the tendency of some reciters to engage in matters related to Qurʾānic recitation without sufficient scholarly grounding. Accordingly, one of the primary objectives of this study is to provide a rigorous, evidence-based scholarly response regarding the ruling on saying “Ṣadaqa Allāhu al-ʿAẓīm” after Qurʾānic recitation. To achieve its academic objectives, the study adopts both descriptive and analytical methodologies by collecting relevant material from authoritative sources and analyzing textual evidence and scholarly opinions. The paper is structured into several sections related to the topic, beginning with a preliminary discussion defining Sunnah and bidʿah, followed by an exposition of the evidence presented by both positions, and concluding with a critical discussion and the identification of the preponderant view. The study concludes that uttering “Ṣadaqa Allāhu al-ʿAẓīm” after recitation is a legitimate practice, and that those who claim it to be an innovation lack strong and convincing evidence for their assertion.

The ruling on surrogacy between the interested and the spoiled an applied study on your descending orbits

الدكتور مجاهد محمود إسماعيل البكر — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

What all the prophets’ teachings have taken care of is the preservation of human offspring from extinction, firstly to prevent the annihilation of humanity, thus forbidding the killing of a soul except for a just cause; and secondly, to preserve this offspring from mixing, hence forbidding adultery and its causes. Lineage is established only through a valid marriage, which confirms paternity and links the child to his father, who carries the child's name and title. Since human nature is inclined towards reproduction and procreation, and given the existence of infertility and sterility, humans have sought remedies to treat these conditions, as is now well known in specialized laboratories and hospitals. Among these treatments, the method of “test-tube baby” has emerged to fertilize a woman in certain cases, such as weak sperm in the man or when the woman’s womb destroys the sperm, preventing fertilization between the spouses. In some cases where fertilization between spouses is impossible, the method of “surrogacy” has appeared. When the mother cannot carry the fertilized egg from her husband due to illness, this egg is implanted in the womb of another woman, either rented or donated. They have gone even further: if the husband is sterile and there is no treatment, sperm is taken from a stranger and used to fertilize the wife’s egg, with the child’s lineage attributed to the husband, not the sperm donor. In another case, a man has two wives, one of whom is sterile; an egg is taken from the fertile wife, fertilized by the man’s sperm, and then implanted in the sterile wife’s womb. Undoubtedly, this causes confusion and mixing of lineages. In this research, I have sought to clarify this phenomenon, its reality, and its harms to lineage. I have presented the opinions of those who permit some cases and those who forbid them, weighing their arguments according to the evidence supporting each view and the consequences of surrogacy

Economics of Attention and Strategies for Disseminating Islamic Thought in the Age of Algorithms

الدكتورة أميمة بونخلة — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the impact of the attention economy on the circulation of Islamic thought in the contemporary digital environment by analyzing changes in modes of reception, patterns of discourse, and mechanisms for directing attention as core elements of cognitive and value-based construction. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach based on the analysis of contemporary digital practices and media platforms involved in the dissemination of Islamic content, drawing on recent literature in media psychology and theories of attention management, while employing Islamic conceptual frameworks related to reception and cognitive regulation. The study shows that the accelerated and competitive nature of digital content has reshaped audience engagement with Islamic discourse, producing patterns of rapid reception that may weaken the depth of understanding and sustained cognitive engagement. This situation calls for a reconsideration of digital Islamic discourse, aligned with cognitive and educational objectives that account for the dynamics of digital attention and balance communicative appeal with reflective understanding. Accordingly, the study proposes several mechanisms, including the development of structured and conceptually grounded content, the systematic use of digital media to facilitate gradual comprehension, the creation of interactive knowledge spaces and organized digital libraries that enhance critical thinking, and the adoption of qualitative indicators to assess the effects of attention on cognitive and value-based awareness. The study concludes that employing the attention economy in the service of Islamic thought should focus on regulating and cultivating attention to promote responsible knowledge circulation, reduce cognitive fragmentation, and ensure the effectiveness of Islamic discourse in the contemporary digital sphere.

An Analysis of the Open of Stipulation within the Hanafi School

الباحث عبد الحبيب حنيف — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Transactions constitute an important part of Islamic law after matters op belief and acts of worship. Islamic law has laid down principles for the Preservation of rights and the prevention of harm in Transactions, among which is the option of stipulation, which plays a significant role in preventing loss. This research examines the option of stipulation in Hanafi jurisprudence in terms of its definition, legal legitimacy, wisdom behind its legislation, its legal ruling the persons entitled to it, the contracts in which it applies, and its various types with respect to the subject matter, duration, validity and invalidity, the time of stipulation, the causes of its lapse, and its non-transferability by inheritance. The research aims to clarify the definition of the option of stipulation, its ruling, all its categories, the contracts in which the option is established and those in which it is not, the persons entitled to it, and the factors that invalidate it or cause it to lapse. Additionally, explaining the role of the option of stipulation in regulating transactions and safeguarding them from loss, while outlining all its legal rulings, is also among the objectives of the study. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology, drawing on authoritative sources in Hanafi jurisprudence and analyzing their texts to reach clear conclusions. The study concludes that the option of stipulation is the right to affirm or rescind a contract, established for one or both of the contracting parties or for a third party. It also concludes that this option suspends the legal effect of the contract until the expiration of its specified period and that it becomes invalid if it stipulates perpetuity, fails to specify a time, or specifies an unknown period. The study further concludes that the option lapses due to voluntary and involuntary causes, such as the expiration of its term, the death of the person entitled to the option, the destruction of the subject matter of the contract during the option period, the occurrence of a defect that cannot be remedied, an explicit declaration by the holder of the option, or the existence of an act indicating satisfaction with the contract, such as sale, lease, or construction. The research also concludes that the option of stipulation applies to contracts that involve obligation and allow rescission by mutual consent, and that its rescission does not, according to the preferred opinion, depend on the other party’s knowledge. The study also clarifies that the option of stipulation is not inheritable.

Requiring the Ruler’s Permission for Jihad: A Comparative Jurisprudential Study

حمزة جاد الله عبد الله رجوب, الدکتور حسين مطاوع الترتوري — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the requirement of the ruler’s permission for jihad through a juristic analysis. It begins by affirming the central status of jihad in Islam as one of the most eminent obligations and acts of devotion, then clarifies the problem arising from an absolute linkage between jihad and the ruler’s authorization. By surveying juristic statements, the study demonstrates that associating jihad with the ruler’s permission is an established principle in the Sunnah, the Prophetic biography, and classical jurisprudence, though not an unconditional requirement in all cases. It delineates points of agreement, such as the non-requirement of permission in defensive jihad except where prohibition serves the very interests of defense, and the requirement of permission in offensive jihad when an explicit prohibition has been issued. The study then identifies the locus of disagreement concerning offensive jihad in the absence of such prohibition, presenting juristic views ranging from the obligation to permit to reprehensibility and permissibility, along with their evidences, and weighing them in light of the objectives of Sharia and the prevention of harm. The research is structured into five sections and a concluding chapter that highlights the main findings, following a descriptive methodology while drawing on analytical reasoning

“Agricultural Achievements in Afghanistan between the Republic and the Islamic Emirate (2001–2025) : A Comparative Study.”

الباحث عبدالقهار صمیم, الدکتور شاکر جلالي — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The agricultural sector is one of the foundational pillars of the national economy in Afghanistan, contributing to food security, creating job opportunities, and achieving rural development. A significant portion of the country’s population relies on it for their livelihood. The agriculture sector in Afghanistan has undergone two distinct political periods: the Republic period (2001-2021), characterized by extensive support from foreign nations, and the Islamic Emirate period (2021-2025), marked by reliance on domestic resources amid significant economic and political challenges. This study aims to conduct an analytical comparison of agricultural achievements during these two periods, focusing on available opportunities, various challenges, and adopted strategies, ultimately assessing the prospects for the development of this sector in the future. The comparison addresses several indicators, including agricultural production growth, government support, water resource management, investment, food security, and rural development. The findings indicate that the Republic period witnessed extensive international support and numerous development projects; however, it also faced numerous issues, including administrative corruption and political instability. In contrast, the Islamic Emirate has sought to enhance self-sufficiency and maintain the basic agricultural structure despite economic challenges and political isolation. The study concludes with several recommendations to promote sustainable agricultural development in the country. This research relies on a comparative approach, in addition to a descriptive-analytical method, drawing on scientific books, reports from international organizations, academic studies, and the official websites of relevant ministries for agriculture and development in Afghanistan.

The Sharīʿah, Economic, and Social Harms of Conventional Banks

الباحث سيف الرحمن عظيمي, الدکتور محمد يونس إبراهيمي — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Conventional banks constitute a fundamental part of the global financial system. However, their reliance on interest-based transactions (riba) and the exploitation of individuals’ financial needs lead to serious Sharīʿah, social, and economic harms. This study aims to analyze the damage caused by these banks and to relate it to the principles of the Islamic financial system, which is based on justice and social solidarity. The research adopts a descriptive and analytical approach, drawing on previous studies in Islamic economics and banking finance, with a particular focus on analyzing conventional banks as the central subject of the study. The findings indicate that conventional banks cause Sharīʿah-related harms through riba, injustice, and excessive uncertainty (gharar). They also lead to social harms such as increasing class disparities, weakening social solidarity, and fostering resentment among individuals. Economically, these banks contribute to the underutilization of human capacities, obstruction of money circulation, rising prices, recession and stagnation, and the reinforcement of economic dependency. Moreover, they play a significant role in modern financial crises. Based on these findings, the study recommends transitioning to an Islamic financial system based on profit-and-loss sharing and qard hasan (benevolent loans), enhancing financial and Sharīʿah awareness, reforming economic policies, strengthening oversight and transparency in banking transactions, and encouraging the development of Sharīʿah-compliant financial instruments that meet contemporary economic needs.

The Efforts of Transoxanian Scholars in the Hanafi Heritage from the Rise of the Sassanids to the Mongol Invasion (261 AH – 616 AH) Creed as a Model

Masood Azizi, الدکتور محمد معصوم عزيزي — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Transoxiana is considered one of the most important intellectual centers in Islamic history due to its pivotal role in shaping the Hanafi school of thought, particularly in Islamic theology (Kalam). Since the Islamic conquests, the region witnessed political and intellectual developments that contributed to the emergence of firmly established schools of thought, most notably the Maturidi school. In the face of the deviant views of theological sects such as the Mu'tazilites, Jahmites, and Kharijites, the scholars of Transoxiana played a crucial role in defending the Sunni school of thought through a balanced approach that reconciled reason and revelation. This study aims to highlight the efforts of Transoxiana scholars in preserving the Hanafi theological heritage, establishing doctrinal principles, and adhering to moderation in belief. It employs a historical-analytical approach by tracing political and intellectual developments and analyzing the most important theological works of Maturidi scholars. The study concludes that the scholars of Transoxiana made a significant contribution to consolidating the doctrines of the Sunni school of thought, protecting the Muslim community from doctrinal deviations, and establishing a balanced theological framework that ensured the continuity and effectiveness of Islamic thought.